恒pH自动滴定系统及其在土壤表面化学研究中的应用

利用MIA 3型自动分析系统的硬件 ,根据研究的需要开发了一个专用软件 ,建成适用于恒pH自动滴定系统。并对一个含氧化铁很高的砖红壤的表面羟基的释放过程进行了测试应用。结果显示 ,在Na2 SO4 溶液中 ,羟基释放量明显受pH和SO2 - 4加入量的影响 ,羟基释放量的动态变化很好地符合Elovich方程。     

聚合物包膜肥料中钾素释放特征及其模拟

以水和水饱和石英砂为介质，研究了2种聚合物包膜肥料中钾素的释放特征。结果表明，钾素释放主要受温度影响，同时还受到颗粒大小和形态的影响；在水饱和石英砂中溶出与在水中溶出差别不大。采用水为介质，以一聚合物包膜肥料养分释放的理论模型为基础，对影响聚合物包膜肥料钾素释放的因素进行了研究，并进行了灵敏性检验。结果表明，温度越高、包膜的厚度和颗粒半径越小时钾素释放越快，且试验结果和模拟结果达到极显著的相关性；模拟结果比实际结果明显偏低，但表现出了较好灵敏性和相关性，是一个具有理论基础和应用潜力的聚合物包膜肥料养分释放模型。     

The effect of disturbance by Phellinus weirii on decomposition and nutrient mineralization in a Tsuga mertensiana forest

Summary Microbial biomass in the upper 7 cm of soil and needle decomposition on the forest floor were measured seasonally for 10 months in a mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) old-growth forest and in a regrowth forest after Phellinus weirii, a root-rot pathogen infection, had caused disturbance. The microbial biomass was higher in the old-growth forest soil than in the regrowth forest soil. However, T. mertensiana needle decomposition rates were higher in the regrowth than in the old-growth forest. Total N, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations in needles increased during the 1st year of decomposition in both the old and the regrowth forests, but P, K, Mg, Mn, and B concentrations decreased. N, P, K, Mg, Cu, and Zn concentrations were lower in regrowth than in old-growth decomposing needles. During mineralization, needles in the regrowth forests released more N, P, and K as a result of higher needle decomposition rates. Our results suggest that higher needle decomposition rates increased the mineralization of N, P, and K, which may lead to increased soil fertility and faster tree growth rates in the regrowth forest.     

A simple gas chromatographic approach to evaluate CO2 release,N2O evolution,and O2 uptake from soil

Summary We have developed a simple method for the determination of gaseous compounds that reflect microbial activity in soil, as affected by factors such as the presence of an organic amendment (peat) or a variation in soil moisture. The method is based on a gas chromatographic analysis of the headspace of vials containing the soil under examination. A single gas chromatograph can detect up to 10 different gases. As expected, after peat was added to the soil, CO₂ evolution and O₂ uptake increased significantly. Positive relationships were found between the evolution of N₂O, and soil moisture and the amount of peat added to the soil. Both the these variables influenced the CO₂:O₂ ratio. The results given by this method show high reproducibility.     

基于胶粘物质的肥料控释装置的方案设计及其养分释放模拟

该文提出了可应用于农田的肥料控释装置方案设计,此装置由肥料主管道和养分释放分管道组成,选取天然、半天然高分子材料壳聚糖和果胶作为释放分管道的胶粘物质,在实验室条件下检测了其控释效果,结果表明:养分主要呈线性释放,装置具有良好控释效果.利用Fick第一扩散定律和欧姆定律模拟了装置养分的释放,结果表明:养分的释放主要受扩散系数或物阻率、扩散面积、胶粘物质厚度等因素影响.该模型表明,养分是呈线性释放的,和实测结果相一致,并由此计算出了胶粘物质的控释参数:扩散系数或物阻率,为实际应用提供了理论基础.     

氟离子、磷酸根和铬酸根在可变电荷土壤表面吸附过程中羟基释放动力学

用恒pH自动电位滴定装置研究了氟离子(F-)、磷酸根(H2PO4-)和铬酸根(CrO42-)在3种可变电荷土壤表面吸附过程中羟基(-OH)释放的动力学。研究结果表明,3种阴离子在可变电荷土壤表面吸附时-OH释放量的大小顺序为:F->>H2PO4->CrO42-,这与土壤对3种阴离子吸附量的大小顺序一致。pH对不同阴离子体系中-OH释放的影响不同,在F-体系中,pH5.0时-OH释放量最高,其次为pH6.0时,pH4.0时-OH释放量最小;CrO42-体系中-OH释放量随pH的增加而减小;pH对H2PO4-体系中-OH释放的影响较小。Elovich方程(Y=a kln(t))能够很好拟合2～60min之间的动力学数据,说明-OH释放的速率随时间增加而减小。比较速率常数k的大小可以发现,虽然F-体系中3种可变电荷土壤在前2min释放的-OH量有很大差异,但在2～60min内,-OH释放速率差别不大。在H2PO4-和CrO42-体系中,-OH释放速率的大小顺序是:昆明砖红壤>徐闻砖红壤>江西红壤,与土壤铁、铝氧化物含量一致。     

N2O emissions from different cropping systems and from aerated,nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of a municipal waste water treatment plant

Nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate, water-soluble carbon and biological O₂ demand (BOD₅) were quantified in different cropping systems fertilized with varying amounts of nitrogen (clayey loam, October 1991 to May 1992), in an aerated tank (March 1993 to March 1994), and in the nitrification-denitrification unit (March to July 1994) of a municipal waste water treatment plant. In addition, the N₂O present in the soil body at different depths was determined (February to July 1994). N₂O was emitted by all cropping systems (mean releases 0.13–0.35 mg N₂O m^-2 h^-1), and all the units of the domestic waste water treatment plant (aerated tank 0–6.2 mg N₂O m^-2 h^-1, nitrification tank 0–204,3 mg N₂O m^-2, h^-1, denitrifying unit 0–2.2 mg N₂O m^-2 h^-1). During the N₂O-sampling periods estimated amounts of 0.9, 1.5, 2.4 and 1.4 kg N₂O–N ha^-1, respectively, were released by the cropping systems. The aerated, nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of the municipal waste water treatment plant released mean amounts of 9.1, 71.6 and 1.8 g N₂O–N m^-2, respectively, during the sampling periods.The N₂O emission were significantly positively correlated with nitrate concentrations in the field plots which received no N fertilizer and with the nitrogen content of the aerated sludge tank that received almost exclusively N in the form of NH ₄ ⁺ . Available carbon, in contrast, was significantly negatively correlated with the N₂O emitted in the soil fertilized with 80 kg N ha^-1 year. The significant negative correlation between the emitted N₂O and the carbon to nitrate ratio indicates that the lower the carbon to nitrate ratio the higher the amount of N₂O released. Increasing N₂O emissions seem to occur at electron donorto-acceptor ratios (C_H2_O or BOD₅-to-nitrate ratios) below 50 in the cropping systems and below 1200–1400 in the waste water treatment plant. The trapped N₂O in the soil body down to a depth of 90 cm demonstrates that agricultural production systems seem to contain a considerable pool of N₂O which may be reduced to N₂ on its way to the atmosphere, which may be transported to other environments or which may be released at sometime in the future.Dedicated to Professor J.C.G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

畜禽粪便堆肥养分释放及其合理施用

本文采用室内培养法和田间埋设玻璃滤纸包法研究了粉状畜禽粪便堆肥和颗粒堆肥的养分释放。结果表明,粉状堆肥经颗粒化处理后,养分释放速度变缓,适合在生长期较长的农作物上施用。在一个生长季中牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪颗粒堆肥N素释放率分别为30～35%,35%～45%和45～55%,但其中60～80%的N素释放主要集中在施用后的前二个月内。     

冬小麦施用控释氮肥增产效应研究初报

冬小麦施用 2种控释N肥田间小区试验研究结果表明 ,不同灌水量、等N量下冬小麦施用乐喜施控释N肥 (F2 )和众品控释N肥 (F3 )均比施用普通尿素 (F1)显著提高产量 ,产量结构明显改善 ,N素利用效率分别提高 3%～ 5 % (W1)和 2 %～ 6 % (W2 ) ,经济效益F3 处理增收 10 82元 /hm2 ,而F2 处理平均减收 6 32 7元 /hm2 ,收获期耕层土壤所保持的N量较多。     

不同施肥方法对缓释尿素的肥效及氮素利用率的影响

以水稻和玉米为供试作物进行盆栽试验和田间试验。结果表明,水稻和玉米的增产效应均表现为;缓释尿素基追施结合处理>普通尿素基追施结合处理>缓释尿素一次性基施处理>普通尿素一次性基施处理。处理间差异达显著或极显著水准。相比之下,一次性基施改为基追施结合的增产幅度要优于尿素缓效化的肥效。两种作物对尿素的氮素利用率范围值分别为54.8%~70.1%(水稻)和53.6%~59.1%(玉米),其规律与上述肥效相吻合,也是各处理增产的内在原因。在水稻和玉米生产中应推荐在施用PK肥基础上,缓释尿素85%作基肥、15%作追肥这一施肥方法。